Published: 2014-06-25
ISBN: 978-91-7519-280-2
ISSN: 1650-3686 (print), 1650-3740 (online)
Probes are used as a design method in user-centred design to allow end-users to inform design by collecting data from their lives. Probes are potentially useful in service innovation; but current probing methods require users to interrupt their activity and are consequently not ideal for use by service employees in reflecting on the delivery of a service. In this paper; we present the ‘wearable probe’; a probe concept that captures sensor data without distracting service employees. Data captured by the probe can be used by the service employees to reflect and co-reflect on the service journey; helping to identify opportunities for service evolution and innovation.
Service innovation; design probes; reflection; participatory design; personal informatics
Blomberg; J.; Giacomi; J.; Mosher; A.; & Swenton-Wall; P. (1993). Ethnographic field
methods and their relation to design. In D. Schuler; & A. Namioka (Eds.); Participatory
Design: Perspectives on Systems Design (pp. 123-154). Hillsdale; New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Blomkvist; J.; & Holmlid; S. (2011). Service designers on including stakeholders in service
prototyping. In Proceedings of Include 2011; London; UK: Royal College of Art.
Boud; D.; Cressey; P. & P. Docherty (2006). Productive reflection at work: Learning for changing
organizations. London; UK: Routledge.
Brandt; E.; & Messeter; J. (2004; July). Facilitating collaboration through design games. In
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Participatory design; Vol. 1 (pp. 121-131); New York; USA:
ACM Press.
Crabtree; A.; Hemmings; T.; Rodden; T.; Cheverst; K.; Clarke; K.; Dewsbury; G.; Hughes; J.; & Rounce-field; M. (2003; November). Designing with Care: Adapting cultural probes to
inform design in sensitive settings. In Proceedings of the 2004 Australasian Conference on
Computer-Human Interaction (OZCHI2004) (pp. 4-13); Brisbane; Australia: ACM Press.
Dalsgaard; P. (2008; February). Designing for inquisitive use. Proceedings of the 7th ACM
conference on Designing interactive systems - DIS ’08 (pp. 21-30); New York; USA: ACM Press.
Fleck; R.; & Fitzpatrick; G. (2010; November). Reflecting on Reflection: Framing a Design
Landscape. In Proceedings of the 2010 Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction
(OZCHI2010) (pp. 216-223); Brisbane; Australia: ACM Press.
Gaver; B.; Dunne; T.; & Pacenti; E. (1999). Cultural Probes. Interactions; (February); 21–29.
Graham; C.; & Rouncefield; M. (2008; October). Probes and participation. In Proceedings of the
Tenth Anniversary Conference on Participatory Design 2008 (pp. 194-197). Bloomington; IN;
USA: Indiana University Conferences.
Gaver; W.; & Beaver; J. (2003; April). Ambiguity as a resource for design. In Proceedings of the
SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 233-240). New York; USA: ACM
Press.
Hällnas; J.; & Redström; J. (2001). Slow technology–designing for reflection. Personal and
ubiquitous computing; 5(3); 201-212.
Holmlid; S. (2009; November). Participative; co-operative; emancipatory: From participatory
design to service design. In Proceedings of 1st Nordic Conference on Service Design and Service
Innovation; Oslo; Norway.
Hoyrup; S. (2004). Reflection as a core process in organisational learning. Journal of Workplace
Learning; 16(8); 442–454.
Hulkko; S.; Mattelmäki; T.; Virtanen; K.; & Keinonen; T. (2004; October). Mobile probes. In
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction (pp. 43-51). ACM.
Hutchinson; H.; Mackay; W.; Westerlund; B.; Bederson; B. B.; Druin; A.; Plaisant; C.; ...& Eiderbäck; B. (2003; April). Technology probes: inspiring design for and with families. In
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 17-24). New
York; USA: ACM Press.
Iacucci; G; Kuutti; K; & Ranta; M (2000). On the move with a magical thing. In Proceedings of
Designing Interactive Systems 2000 (pp. 193- 202); New York; USA: ACM Press.
Lindström; M.; Ståhl; A.; Höök; K.; Sundström; P.; Laaksolathi; J.; Combetto; M.; ...& Bresin; R. (2006; April). Affective diary: designing for bodily expressiveness and selfreflection.
In CHI’06 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1037-1042).
ACM.
Mattelmäki; T.; Battarbee; K. (2002; June). Empathy Probes. In Proceedings of the Participatory
Design Conference; Malmö; Sweden.
Mattelmäki; T. (2006). Design probes. PhD thesis. Helsinki; Finland; University of Art and
Design Helsinki.
Müller; L.; Sonnentag; M.; & Heuer; S. (2013; May). Supporting reflection on dementia care
using proximity sensors. In Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth);
2013 (pp. 89-92). IEEE.
Paulos; E.; & Jenkins; T. (2005; April). Urban probes: encountering our emerging urban
atmospheres. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp.
341-350). ACM.
Paulos; E.; & Beckmann; C. (2006; April). Sashay: designing for wonderment. In Proceedings of
the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems (pp. 881-884). ACM.
Prilla; M.; Pammer; V.; & Krogstie; B. (2013; January). Fostering Collaborative Redesign of
Work Practice: Challenges for Tools Supporting Reflection at Work. In ECSCW 2013: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 249-268). London; UK: Springer.
Rasila; H. (2012). Using employee insights in fine-tuning the customer experience. In
Proceedings of 3rd Nordic Conference on Service Design and Service Innovation (pp. 218-228); Linköping; Sweden; Linköping University Electronic Press
Sanders; E. B.-N.; & Stappers; P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design.
CoDesign; 4(1); 5–18.
Sanders; E. B. N. (2000). Generative tools for CoDesigning. In Scrivner; S. Ball; L. and
Woodcook; A. (Eds). Collaborative Design (pp. 3-12). London: Springer-Verlag.
Sas; C.; & Dix; A. (2009; April). Designing for reflection on experience. In CHI’09 Extended
Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4741-4744). ACM.
Schön; D. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Segelström; F. (2013). Stakeholder Engagement for Service Design. How service designers identify and
communicate insights. PhD thesis; Linköping. Sweden: Linköping University.
Stickdorn; M.; & Schneider; J. (Eds.) (2010). This is Service Design Thinking: Basics - Tools - Cases.
Amsterdam; The Netherlands: BIS Publishers.
Svanaes; D.; & Seland; G. (2004; April). Putting the users center stage: role playing and lowfi
prototyping enable end users to design mobile systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI
conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 479-486). ACM.
Swan; M. (2009). Emerging patient-driven health care models: an examination of health
social networks; consumer personalized medicine and quantified self-tracking. International
journal of environmental research and public health; 6(2); 492-525.
Thieme; A.; Wallace; J.; Thomas; J. & Le Chen; K. (2011). Lovers’ box: Designing for
reflection within romantic relationships. International Journal of Human Computer Studies;
69(5); 283-297.
Vetere; F.; Gibbs; M. R.; Kjeldskov; J.; Howard; S.; Mueller; F. F.; Pedell; S.; ... & Bunyan; M.
(2005; April). Mediating intimacy: designing technologies to support strong-tie
relationships. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp.
471-480). ACM.
Wood Daudelin; M. (1997). Learning from experience through reflection. Organizational
dynamics; 24(3); 36-48.