Deep geologic injections and storage of Carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are an upcoming combination due to the potential for increased oil production from depleted oilfields at the same time reducing the carbon footprint from industrial sources. CO2-EOR refers to a technique for injection of supercritical-dense CO2 into an oil reservoir. Remaining oil, not producible by primary and secondary techniques, has been successfully produced using EOR with CO2 since early 1970’s. CO2 mixes with oil and changes the oil properties making the immobile oil mobile and producible. Coupled CO2-EOR and storage is an attractive storage option because of its potential to increase the oil production from mature oilfields. The reservoir physical properties (porosity, permeability) together with fluid properties significantly affect the CO2 storage and CO2-EOR performance. This study focus on CO2 storage and CO2-EOR in carbonate reservoirs including simulations of CO2-distribution in the rock. Carbonate reservoirs are characterized by low permeability and high heterogeneity causing significant amount of CO2 to be recycled. The simulations are carried out using a commercial reservoir simulation software. Criteria for the performed simulations are a highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoir with fractures. The results are discussed.
Kamal Ahmed, CO2 injeksjon for økt oljeutvinning i kalk, Masteroppgave, Institutt for fysikk og teknologi, Universitet i Bergen, 2013.
China Oilfield Technology, Annual report 2013, Available from: http://www.chinaoilfieldtech.com/oilrecovery.html
Glenn-Andre Dåtland Kvinge, En eksperimentell studie av CO2 lagring i sandstein og kalkstein med bruk av ulike avbildningsteknikker, Masteroppgave, Institutt for Fysikk og teknologi, Universitet i Bergen, 2012.
Amin Ettehadtavakkol, Larry W. Lake and Steven L. Bryant, CO2-EOR and storage design optimization, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol. 25: p. 79-92, June 2014.
E. Ghoodjani and S.H. Bolouri, Experimental study and calculation of CO2-oil relative permeability, Petroleum& Coal, ISSN 1337-7027, 53-(2) : p. 123-131, Sharif University of Technology, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran, 2011.
Bruce Hill, Susan Hovorka and Steve Melzer, Geologic carbon storage through enhanced oil recovery, Energy Procedia, vol. 37: p. 6808-6830, Elsevier Ltd., USA, 2013 HIS Energy, Available from:
http://www.fekete.com/SAN/WebHelp/FeketeHarmony/Harmony_WebHelp/Content/HTML_Files/Reference_Material/Ge
neral_Concepts/Relative_Permeability.htm.
Norman J. Hyne, Ph.D., Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production, Penn Well Corporation, Second edition, ISBN: 0-87814-823-X, USA, 2001.
Viktor E. Jakobsen, F.H., Marius Holm, Beate Kristiansen, BELLONA, CO2 for EOR on the Norwegian shelf -A case study. 2005: p. 108.
Kamal Jawher Khudaida and Diganta Bhusan Das, A numerical study of capillary pressure-saturation relationship for supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) injection in deep saline aquifer, Chemical Engineering research and Design, Volume 92, Issue 12: p. 3017-3030, Desember 2012.
Madhav M. Kulkarni, Immiscible and miscible gas-oil displacements in porous media, Master thesis, Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, India, 2003.
Stephen L. Melzer, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2EOR): Factors Involved in Adding Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) to Enhanced Oil Recovery, CO2 Consultants and Annual CO2 Flooding Conference Director, Midland,Tx, February 2012
NETL/DOE, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery - Untapped Domestic Energy Supply and Long Term Carbon Storage Solution. 2010.
NRG Fact Sheet, CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery, NRG Energy Inc., Texas, 2014, Available from: http//www.nrgenergy.com Oljeindustriens Landsforening, Innføring i Geologi, Faktahefte for Utdanning til olje og gassindustrien, Available from:
http://www.utog.no/postmann/dbase/bilder/geologihefteweb.pdf
Sangeeta M. Pasala, CO2 displacement mechanisms: Phase
equilibria effects and Carbon dioxide sequestration studies,
PhD, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, December 2010.
Richard C. Selley, Elements of Petroleum Geology, Academic Press California, second edition, ISBN: 0-12-636370-6 USA, 1998.
Rocky Mountain Carbon Capture and Sequestration, available from: http://rmccs.org/sitecharacterization/experimental3.html
Schlumberger, Fundamentals of Wettability, Oilfield Review, Volume 19, Number 2: p. 66-71, summer 2007.
Djebbar Tiab and Erle C. Donaldson, Petrophysics, Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Gulf Professional Publishing, Third edition, ISBN: 978-0-12-383848-3, USA, 2012.
