Konferensartikel

Breaking the ice

Visa mer +

Publicerad: 2012-01-17

ISBN:

ISSN: 1650-3686 (tryckt), 1650-3740 (online)

Abstract

Of all the Nordic countries; only two have ratified the ILO convention 169 on indigenous peoples on behalf of a minority group: Norway in 1990; and Denmark in 1996. The minorities in question are the Norwegian Sámi and the Greenlandic Inuit. These two peoples share a history of cultural and political discrimination; but also a growing awareness of their cultural and indigenous identity from the 1970s onwards. Cultural historical museums were established in both areas during the following decades; yet the oldest and largest collections of Sámi and Greenlandic material were to be found in the institutions of their former suppressors. This paper compares Norwegian/Sámi repatriation processes to those of Denmark/Greenland.

In 1981; a huge collection of watercolours was handed over to the Greenlandic Home Rule Government as a first step in the process of repatriating 35 000 items from the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen to Greenland’s National Museum in Nuuk. The process was completed in 2001 and is acknowledged by UNESCO as an exemplary one; providing general guidelines for cooperation on the subject of repatriation. The earlier and more conflictual cases of reacquisition of Icelandic and Faroese cultural heritage; demonstrates however that successful Danish repatriation strategies have developed only gradually. Repatriation of Sámi heritage from Norwegian institutions has not been an equally smooth process as the Greenlandic one; and is mainly connected to human remains. The return of the skulls of two beheaded leaders of a socialreligious revolt taking place in Kautokeino in 1852 became a symbolic victory. The Norwegian Museum of Cultural History (Norsk Folkemuseum) is in these days about to transfer half of its collection to Sámi museum institutions; and in 2011 a delegation of Norwegian and Sámi museum professionals went to Nuuk in search of inspiration for the work that lies ahead.

Nyckelord

Inga nyckelord är tillgängliga

Referenser

Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies: Online. Available <http://www.arnastofnun.is/page/arnastofnun_frontpage_en> (Accessed 30 August 2011).

BBC News (21 June 2009) Self-rule introduced in Greenland <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8111292.stm> (accessed 23 October 2011).

Beukel; F.; P. Jensen and Rytter; J. (2010) Phasing Out the Colonial Status of Greenland; 1945–54: A Historical Study Museum; Tusculano Press.

Brøgger; A. W. (1932) ‘Nordmenn på Grønland’ in Samtiden; treogfirtiende årgang 1932; Oslo; Aschehoug & co.

Buljo; A-I. (20.11.2008) Godtar ikke samisk skjellett-nekt in Nrk Sápmi Online Available <http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sapmi/1.6317849> (accessed 13 October 2011).

Bull; K. S. (1996). "Da forskerne tapte hodet". Kritisk Juss XXIII(4): 274–279.

Christensen; O. (2008) Samvirke som fokus i et flerkulturelt grenseland; Research Project (CulCom; UiO) Online Available <http://www.uio.no/forskning/tverrfak/culcom/nyheter/2008/christensen.html> (accessed 12 September 2011).

Dahl; J (2011) Bok review: ‘Phasing Out the Colonial Status of Greenland; 1945–54: A Historical Study; by Eric Beukel; Frede P. Jensen and Jens Elo Rytter’ in Arctic Vol 64; No 2 (2011) Online Available <http://arctic.synergiesprairies.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/view/4104/407> (accessed 12 December 2011).

European Union and Greenland Online Available <http://eu.nanoq.gl/> (accessed 30 December 2011).

Færøyene fornminnissavn Online Available<http://www.natmus.fo/?lang=uk and http://www.natmus.fo/00306/> (accessed 2 September 2011).

Friðriksson; G. (2011) For the Good of The Nation: Jón Sigurdsson 1811–1879 (Web Exhibition) Online Available: http://jonsigurdsson.is/images/uploads/For_the_good_of_the_nation.pdf (Accessed 1 December 2011).

Gabriel; Mille (2002) Repatriering til oprindelige folk – en utfordring for fremtidens museum; Købehavn; Museet.

Goodnow; K. and H. Akman (2008) Scandinavian museums and cultural diversity London; Museum of London and Berghahn Books.

Greenfield; J. (1989/2007) The Return of Cultural Treasures. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.

Greenland National Museum and Archives Online Available <http://www.natmus.gl/> (accessed 3 October 2011).

Greenland National Museum and Archives (2004) Illernit/Traces:Inuk Kalaallit Nunaani ukiuni 4400/4400 Years of Man in Greenland Kaalund (1997).

Hallgrímsdóttir; M. (2007) ‘The National Museum of Iceland’; 2007 presentation at The Best in Heritage Conference: Online. Available. <http://www.thebestinheritage.com/presentations/2007/the-national-museum-oficeland; 43.html> (accessed 11 December 2011).

Harlin; E-K (2008) Recalling Ancestral Voices: Repatriation of Sámi Cultural Heritage: Prosjektets Interreg IIIAs slutrapport <http://www.samimuseum.fi/heritage/svensk/Loppuraportti/Slutrapport.pdf> (accessed 6 October 2011).

Hjálmarson; J. R. (1993) History of Iceland: From the settlement to the present day. Reykjavík; Iceland Review.

Hubert; Jane (1989). ‘A proper place for the dead: a critical review of the ’reburial’ issue’ in Layton; R. Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Traditions. London: Unwin Hyman.

Iceland.is Online Available <http://www.iceland.is/government-and-politics/> (Accessed 12 Nov 2011). ILO C169 <http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169> (accessed 19 December 2011).

Jensen; J. (1992) Thomsens museum: Historien om Nationalmuseet. København; Gyldendal.

Jensen; P. H. [et al.] (1983) Dansk kolonihistorie : indføring og studier; Århus: Historie.

Joensen; J. P. (2003) Opfindelsen af det færøske folk; kultur og nation Online; available <http://vestnordenshistorie.org/images/stories/vnh1/opfindelsen_af_det_faeroesk e_folk.pdf> (accessed Dec 2011).

Kaalund; B. (1997) Aron fra Kangeq 1822 – 1869: Om 47 tegninger og akvareller der befinder sig på Etnografisk Museum under Oslo Universitet og som ikke før har været publiserede i deres helhed Brøndum; Nørhaven A/S.

Karlsbakk; J. (27.09.2011) 94 Sámi skeletons brought to final rest in BarentsObserver Online Available <http://www.barentsobserver.com/94-sami-skeletons-brought-to-finalrest. 4964719.html> (accessed 12 December 2011).

Krog; K. (1988) Kirkjubøstolene og Kirkjubør: et brudstykke af det færøske bispesædes historie. Thorshavn; Emil Thomsen.

Kulturarv Grønland – Fortidsminder og bygninger: Websites. Online. Available <http://www.kulturi.org/dk/index.html> (accessed 3 October 2011).

Mortensen; A. (2007) ”Muren og det færøske bispesæde i senmiddelalderen – Byggevirksomhed og økonomi” in S. V. Arge & A. Mortensen (ed) Nordisk Ruinseminar Færøerne 18. – 20. september 2007; Føroya Fornminnissavn 2008. Online Available <http://www.natmus.fo/documents/00265.pdf> (accessed Jan 2012).

Museums in Greenland Online Available <http://www.museum.gl/uk/> (accessed 12 September 2011). Nasjonalt samisk museumsnettverk (30.11.2010) Møtereferat: Retningslinjer for samlingsforvaltning <http://www.riddoduottarmuseat.no/web/calahus.php?artihkkal=63&giella1=no> (accessed 18 November 2011).

National Museum of Denmark About SILA Online Available <http://www.natmus.dk/sw59763.asp> (accessed 10 November 2011).

National Museum of Island Webpages Online Available <http://www.natmus.is/> (accessed 4 October 2011).

National Museum of Iceland (2008): Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland: A Guide Book for the National Museum of Iceland’s Permanent Exhibition. Revised edition. Reykjavík; National Museum of Iceland.

Nielsen E. K. (2002) International Denmark to Iceland: A Case without Precedence: Delivering Back the Islandic Manuscripts 1971–1997 (68th IFLA Council and General Conference August 18–24) Online. Available <http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/Kolding_Nielsen02.pdf> (Accessed 19 August 2011).

Nielsen; K (2002) Etikk og godt bevarte menneskelige levninger <http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/handle/10037/104/thesis.pdf;jsessionid= 404BC68A973C159BF9BE8CB53EDBE305?sequence=1> (accessed 12 November 2011).

NIKU (2010) Report no 40: 100-årsgrensen for automatisk fredete samiske kulturminner: Status og scenarioer Online Available <http://niku.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/NIKURapport40.pdf> (accessed 18 November 2011).

Norden Nordens språk med røtter og føtter Online Avaialble <http://eplads.norden.org/nordenssprak/kap2/2d/01.asp> (20 November 2011).

Pareli; L. (2007) ’Seiden som kom hjem – en historisk urett gjort god igjen’ in Reindriftsnytt 2007:4; Online Available <http://www.reindrift.no/asset/980/1/980_1.pdf> (accessed 18 November 2011).

Pareli; L. (2011) Personal conversation and e-mail correspondence; Oslo.

Paturson; J Kirkjubøargarður Online Available <http://www.patursson.com/uk/uttan05.html> (accessed 1 October 2011).

Rapp; O. M. (22th Nov 1997) ’Verdig punktum for trist kapittel’ in the newspaper Aftenposten <http://tux1.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/d25538.htm> (accessed 13 October 2011).

Recalling Ancestral Voices Interreg IIIA: Slutraport Online Available <http://www.samimuseum.fi/heritage/svensk/Loppuraportti/Slutrapport.pdf> (accessed 19 September 2011).

Reindriftsforvaltningen Regelverk <http://www.reindrift.no/?objid=14&subid=0> (accessed 12 December 2011).

Reykjavík City Museum: The Settlement Exhibition Reykjavik 871± 2 (2006) Online. Available <http://www.minjasafnreykjavikur.is/english/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4220> (Accessed 30 August 2011).

Reykjavík 871±2 <http://www.reykjavik871.is/> (Accessed 10 August 2011).

Rosing; E. and B. Haagen (1986) ‘Aron from Kangeq and the Dano-Greenlandic Museum Cooperation’ in Arctic Anthropology Vol 23; Nos. 1&2; pp.247–258 Online. Available: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/40316113.pdf?acceptTC=true> (accessed 20 November 2011).

Ruud; M. and K. S. Nielsen (23.09.2011) Strid om levninger av skoletesamer; news report on the national broadcast; NRK Nordnytt. Online Available <http://nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.7806153> (accessed 12 December 2011).

Rosing; E. and B. Haagen (1986) ‘Aron from Kangeq and the Dano-Greenlandic Museum Cooperation’ in Arctic Anthropology Vol 23; Nos. 1&2; pp.247–258 Online. Available: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/40316113.pdf?acceptTC=true> (accessed 20 November 2011).

Saganet: Online. Available <http://sagnanet.is/> (Accessed 10 August 2011).

Samediggi/Sametinget (02.07.2004) Sametingrådets melding om samiske museer 2004 Online Available <http://www.sierrabibliotehka.no/Filnedlasting.aspx?FilId=29&back=1&ct=.pdf& MId1=2450&MId2=2466&MId3=2468&> (accessed 10 November 2011).

Sametinget; Norsk Folkemuseum; Kulturhistorisk museum (2012): Bååstede: Tilbakeføring av kulturarv til de samiske museer. Karasjok/Oslo; March 1. 2012.

Sigurðsson; G. & V. Ólason (eds.) (2004) The Manuscripts of Iceland. Reykjavík; Árni Magnúson Institute in Iceland.

Skandinaviska museiförbundet (2000/2004) Nordens museer: redogörelse för utvecklingen i de konst- och kulturhistoriska museerna I Danmark; Finland; Island; Norge och Sverige Helsingfors; Förbundet.

Sørnes; T. (2009) Ondskap : de henrettede i Norge 1815–1876. Oslo: Shibsted.

Thjodmenning/The Culture House: National Centre for Cultural Heritage Medieval Manuscripts – Eddas and Sagas Online. Available <http://www.thjodmenning.is/english/syningar_adal.htm>(Accessed 10 February 2011).

Thjodminjasafn/National Museum of Iceland: Online. Available <http://www.thjodminjasafn.is/english> (Accessed 10 February 2011).

Thuesen; S (2007) Fremmed blandt landsmænd: Grønlandske kateketer i kolonitiden. Forlaget Atuagkat.

Tromsø Museum (2000) Sápmi: Becoming a nation Online. Available <http://sapmi.uit.no/> (accessed 27 August 2011).

United Nations; Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Division for Social Policy and Development; Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues The Role of International Labour Organization in the Promotion and Protection of Indigenous Languages in expert group meeting on indigenous languages 8-10 January 2008 (PFII/2008/EMGI/14).

Zorgdrager; N. (1997) De rettferdiges strid. Kautokeino 1852 Oslo; Norsk Folkemuseum og Vett & Viten

Young; G. V. C. (1979) From the Vikings to the reformation: a chronicle of the Faroe Islands up to 1538.

Utimut - Return: The return of more than 35.000 Cultural Objects to Greenland (2004) Gyllin; Narayana Press.

University of Helsinki (2002)/Olwig; K. (1992) ‘The European Nation’s Nordic Nature’ in The Nordic Council The Source of Liberty: The Nordic Contribution to Europe; p. 158– 182. Online. Available <https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10224/3632/olwig_teksti.pdf?sequence =1> (accessed 30 July 2011).

Citeringar i Crossref