Yoram Krozer
University Twente/Sustainable Innovations Academy, Enschede/Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Ladda ner artikel
http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp110572378Ingår i: World Renewable Energy Congress - Sweden; 8-13 May; 2011; Linköping; Sweden
Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings 57:13, s. 2378-2384
Publicerad: 2011-11-03
ISBN: 978-91-7393-070-3
ISSN: 1650-3686 (tryckt), 1650-3740 (online)
Costs and benefits of renewable energy use in electricity generation in the EU are assessed during low oil prices 1998-2002 and high oil prices 2003-2009. The EU statistical data is used. The renewable energy use in the EU was about 21% of the total energy inputs in 2008 and it was growing by 5% annual average during 2003-2008 compared to nearly nil growth of the fossil fuel input. During high and fast increasing oil
prices; the correlations between the changes of consumers’ electricity prices and the growth of renewable energy use indicates that the large and growing use did not increase the prices but decreased the consumers’ electricity prices in several EU countries. An explanation is that the renewable energy enabled input diversification in electricity generation; which has reduced the costs. Consumers’ electricity prices are simulated in case these had followed the fossil fuel input costs and compared with the observed prices. It is found that high oil prices invoked substantial efficiency-increase and that the renewable energy input has been net beneficial to the EU citizens even when the periods of low and high fossil fuel prices are taken together.
[1] European Commission; Communication from the Commission - The support of electricity from renewable energy sources; 2005.
[2] Blok; C. Renewable energy policy in the European Union. Energy Policy; 2006; 34:251-255.
doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.032.
[3] Steger; U; W. Achterberg; K. Blok; H. Bode; W. Frenz; C. Gather; G. Hanekamp; D. Imboden; M. Jahnke; M. Kost; R. Kurz; H.G.Nutzinger; T. Ziesemer; Sustainable Development and Innovation in the Energy Sector; 2005; Springer; Berlin-Heidelberg; pp. 211-222.
[4] EU; Commission Staff Working Document; Energy Sources; Production Costs and Performance of Technologies for Power Generation; Heating and Transport; 2008; Commission of European Communities; Brussels.
[5] Gross; R.; M.Leach; A.Bauen; 2003; Progress in Renewable Energy; Environment International; 29; 2003; 105– 122.
doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00130-7.
[6] UNEP; SEFI; New Energy Finance; Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Finance 2008; 2008; United Nations Environment Program
[7] Sensfuß; F.; M. Ragwitz; M. Genoese; The Merit-order effect: A detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany. Working Paper Sustainability and Innovation; No. S 7; 2007; Fraunhofer Institute Institute Systems and Innovation Research; Karlsruhe.
[8] Böhme D.; W. Dürsschmidt; Renewable Energy Resources in figures – national and international development; 2008; Federal Ministry for Environment; Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety; Berlin.
[9] Walz; R.; J. Schleich; The Economics of Climate Change Policies; 2009 A Springer Company; Heidelberg; pp. 33-51.
[10] NREL - National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 1997;. Benefits of Renewable Energy; US Department of Energy.
[11] Sawin; L.J.; W.R. Moomaw; Renewable Revolution: Low Carbon Energy by 2030; Worldwatch Institute; 2009; Danvers; US.
[12] Bird; L.A.; K.S. Cory; B.G. Swezey; Renewable Energy Price-Stability Benefits in Utility Green Power Programs; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Technical Report NREL/TP-670-43532; 2008; Battelle.
[13] http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp
[14] EIA; Annual Review 2009; DOE/EIA – 0384; 2009 www.eia.gov/aer
[15] EEA; European Environmental Agency; Energy Subsidies in European Union; A brief overview. Technical Report 1; 2004; Copenhagen.
