Mohammad Fahmy
Military Technical Collage, Department of Architecture, Cairo, Egypt
Abigail Hathway
University of Sheffield, Department of Civil Engineering, Sheffield, UK
Laurence Pattacini
University of Sheffield, Department of Landscape, Sheffield, UK
Amr Elwan
Military Technical Collage, Department of Architecture, Cairo, Egypt \ University of Sheffield, School of Architecture, Sheffield, UK
Ladda ner artikel
http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp110573201Ingår i: World Renewable Energy Congress - Sweden; 8-13 May; 2011; Linköping; Sweden
Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings 57:26, s. 3201-3208
Publicerad: 2011-11-03
ISBN: 978-91-7393-070-3
ISSN: 1650-3686 (tryckt), 1650-3740 (online)
Urban comfort is becoming increasingly important due to climate change; increasing population and urbanization. Greater use of mechanical cooling is not reasonable due to consuming more energy; discharging anthropogenic heat and CO2 emissions which all can be minimized by passive strategies. As part of the EPSRC funded project Urban River Corridors and Sustainable Living Agendas; URSULA; two radically different urban regenerations for a site in Sheffield were passively designed and had to be microclimatically assessed upon their thermal impacts. Passive design strategy for the first is wind tunneling and solar shelter effects owed to compact form that provides river bank access by perpendicular streets. The second; park option; offers space for the river to flood into a green channel which provides evaporative cooling. Simulations using ENVI-met BETA4 applied four receptors to record different meteorology and the pedestrian comfort in terms of Predicted Mean Vote; PMV. The increased green coverage showed horizontal shifting of about 0.2 with 2h of urban time lag in PMV records from 14.00-16.00LST in some places. Results give advantage for the park option design but needs more emphasize on indoor performance.
Thermal impact assessment; urban thermal mass; urban time lag; urban regeneration
[1] Grimmond; C.S.B. and T.R. Oke; Heat storage in urban areas: Local-scale observations and evaluation of a simple model. Journal of Applied Meteorology; 1999. 38(7): p. 922-940.
doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0922:HSIUAL>2.0.CO;2.
[2] PRB; World Population Highlights; Key findings from PRB’s 2007 world population data sheet Population Bulletin; a publication of the Population Reference Bureau; 2007. 62(3).
[3] Rosenfeld; A.H.; H. Akbari; S. Bretz; B.L. Fishman; D.M. Kurn; D. Sailor; and H. Taha; Mitigation of urban heat islands: materials; utility programs; updates. Energy and Buildings; 1995. 22(3): p. 255-265.
doi: 10.1016/0378-7788(95)00927-P.
[4] Stone; B. and M.O. Rodgers; Urban Form and Thermal Efficiency: How the Design of Cities Influences the Urban Heat Island Effect. Journal of the American Planning Association; 2001. 67(2): p. 186 - 198.
doi: 10.1080/01944360108976228.
[5] Gill; S.E.; Handley; J.F.; Ennos; A.R.; Pauleit; S. ; Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure. 2007. 33(1): p. 115-133.
[6] Giridharan; R.; S.S.Y. Lau; S. Ganesan; and B. Givoni; Lowering the outdoor temperature in high-rise high-density residential developments of coastal Hong Kong: The vegetation influence. Building and Environment; 2008. 43(10): p. 1583-1595.
doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.10.003.
[7] Shashua-Bar; L. and M.E. Hoffman; Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street: An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy and Buildings; 2000. 31(3): p. 221-235.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(99)00018-3.
[8] Yang; F.; S.S.Y. Lau; and F. Qian; Summertime heat island intensities in three high-rise housing quarters in inner-city Shanghai China: Building layout; density and greenery. Building and Environment; 2010. 45(1): p. 115-134.
doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.010.
[9] Fahmy; M.; S. Sharples; and M. Yahiya; LAI based trees selection for mid latitude urban developments: A microclimatic study in Cairo; Egypt. Building and Environment; 2010. 45(2): p. 345-357.
doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.014.
[10] Dimoudi; A. and M. Nikolopoulou; Vegetation in the Urban Environments: Microclimatic Analysis and Benefits. Energy and Buildings; 2003. 35(1): p. 69-76.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00081-6.
[11] Jensen; M.B.; B. Persson; S. Guldager; U. Reeh; and K. Nilsson; Green structure and sustainability -- developing a tool for local planning. Landscape and urban planning; 2000. 52(2-3): p. 117-133.
doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00127-4.
[12] Lam; K.C.; S. Leung; W.C. Hui; and P.K. Chan; Environmental Quality of Urban parks and open spaces in Hong Kong. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2005. 111(1-3): p. 55-73.
doi: 10.1007/s10661-005-8039-2.
[13] Fahmy; M.; Interactive urban form design of local climate scale in hot semi-arid zone; in School of Architecture. 2010; University of Sheffield: Sheffield.
[14] Fahmy; M. and S. Sharples; Extensive review for urban climatology: Definitions; aspects and scales; in 7th International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering; ICCAE-7. 2008a: Military Technical Collage; Cairo May 27-29.
[15] Saaroni; H. and B. Ziv; The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park: the case of Tel Aviv. International journal of Biometeorology; 2003. 47(3): p. 156-165.
[16] Lee; S.E. and S. Sharples. Analysis of the Urban Heat Island of Sheffield - the Impact of a Changing Climate. in Proceedings of PLEA2008 - 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. 2008. Dublin: PLEA.
[17] Kofoed N U and G. M.; Considerations of Wind in Urban Spaces. In: Designing Open Spaces in the Urban Environment: a bioclimatic approach. Ed. Nikolopoulou M. Available online at http://aplha.gr/ruros/. 2004 Greece.
[18] Yokohari; M.; R.D. Brown; Y. Kato; and H. Moriyama; Effects of paddy fields on summertime air and surface temperatures in urban fringe areas of Tokyo; Japan. Landscape and Urban Planning; 1997. 38(1-2): p. 1-11.
doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00010-8.
[19] Jauregui; E.; Influence of a large urban park on temperature and convective precipitation in a tropical city. Energy and Buildings; 1990. 15(3-4): p. 457-463.
doi: 10.1016/0378-7788(90)90021-A.
[20] Oke; T.R.; J.M. Crowther; K.G. McNaughton; J.L. Monteith; and B. Gardiner; The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B; Biological Sciences; 1989. 324(1223): p. 335-349.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.1989.0051.
[21] Ali-Toudert; F.; Dependence of Out Door Thermal Comfort on the Street Design in Hot and Dry Climate. 2005; Institute of Meteorology: PhD. Thesis; Freiburg; Germany.
[22] Bruse; M.; ENVI-met V3.1BETA4; a microscale urban climate model; [Online]; Available: www.envi-met.com. Accessed 11/6/2010. 2010.
[23] Bruse; M.; ENVI-met bulletin board [Online]; Available: http://envi-met.de/phpbb/index.php. Accessed 17/3/2009. 2009.
[24] Jendritzky; G.; W. Sönning; H.J. Swantes; d. Beiträge; and f. Akad; Ein objektives Bewertungsverfahren zur Beschreibung des thermischen Milieus in der Stadt- und Landschaftsplanung (Klima-Michel-Modell). Raumforschung und Landesplanung; 1979. 28.
[25] Jendritzky; G. and W. Nübler; A model analysing the urban thermal environment in physiologically significant terms. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics; 1981. 29(4): p. 313-326.
[26] Jendritzky; G.; A. Maarouf; D. Fiala; and H. Staiger; An Update on the Development of a Universal Thermal Climate Index. 15th Conf. Biomet. Aerobiol. and 16th ICB02; Kansas City 27 Oct - 1 Nov; 2002.
[27] Bruse; M.; ENVI-met V3.1BETA4; a microscale urban climate model; [Online]; Available: www.envi-met.com. Accessed 11/6/2010. 2010.
[28] AutoDesk. ECOTECT2010; [Online]; Available at: http://www.autodesk.co.uk/adsk/servlet/mform?validate=no&siteID=452932&id=14205163. Accessed 19/4/2010.
[29] Fahmy; M.; Interactive urban form design of local climate scale in hot semi-arid zone; in Architecture. 2010; University of Sheffeild: Sheffield. p. 254.
[30] Akbari; H.; P. Berdahl; R. Levinson; S. Wiel; W. Miller; and A. Desjarlais; Cool Color Roofing Materials. 2006; University of California: California.
[31] Oke; T.R.; Boundary layer climates. 1987; London: Methuen.
[32] Fahmy; M.; A. Trabolsi; and S. Sharples; Dual stage simulations to study microclimate thermal effect on comfort levels in a multi family residential building.; in 11th International Building Performance Simulation Association Conference 2009: University of Strathclyde in Glasgow; 27-30 July.
